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Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection, affecting around 23–25% of women of reproductive age. It develops when the natural balance of vaginal bacteria is disrupted. Normally, the vagina is protected by Döderlein's cilia (lactobacilli), which maintain an acidic environment. When these beneficial bacteria decrease, harmful microorganisms like Gardnerella spp., Prevotella spp., and other anaerobic bacteria can multiply, leading to bacterial vaginosis. Women with bacterial vaginosis may notice unusual vaginal discharge, a fishy odor, itching, or irritation, although some may not experience symptoms at all. Causes of Bacterial Vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis can be caused by several factors, including: 1.Violation of hygiene rules – Overwashing, use of harsh soaps, or vaginal douching can upset the natural balance. 2.Chronic intestinal diseases – Conditions like Irritable bowel syndrome or frequent digestive issues may impact the vaginal microbiome. 3.Previous inflammatory diseases – Past infections of the urinary or reproductive system may leave the area more vulnerable. 4.Decreased immunity – A weakened immune system can reduce the body’s ability to fight off harmful bacteria. 5.Atrophy of the vaginal mucosa – Common in menopausal women, this can reduce natural defenses. 6.Hormonal disorders – Hormonal imbalances may alter vaginal pH and increase susceptibility to bacterial vaginosis. Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis is treatable and curable. Treating a sexual partner is decided on a case-by-case basis. While bacterial vaginosis is not a traditional sexually transmitted infection, sexual activity can influence vaginal flora, especially in recurring cases. To prevent bacterial vaginosis, it's important to avoid practices that disturb the vaginal environment. Regular visits to a gynecologist are essential for early detection and effective management of vaginal health.

Pneumonia is a group of acute infectious (mainly bacterial) diseases of the lungs with different etiology, pathogenesis, morphological picture and clinical manifestations, which are characterized by damage to the respiratory sections of the lungs and the formation of an obligatory inflammatory exudate in the alveoli. This definition of pneumonia emphasizes the infectious origin of the exudative, inflammatory disease of the alveoli, which develops in response to the introduction and proliferation of microorganisms in the pulmonary parenchyma. In contrast to the latter, inflammatory diseases of the alveoli of non-infectious origin are called pneumonitis. Pneumonia classifications 1.Community-acquired pneumonia 2.Hospital-acquired pneumonia 3.Aspiration pneumonia 4.Pneumonia in patients with immunodeficiency states. Symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia are: 1.Fever 2.Cough with or without sputum production 3.Chest pain of a pleuritic nature 4.Shortness of breath 5.General intoxication syndrome. Acute onset of the disease with a rise in temperature to 38* and above, sudden occurrence or significant intensification of cough with the release of purulent or hemorrhagic sputum, the appearance of percussion and auscultatory phenomena, leukocytosis or leukopenia, X-ray signs of pneumonia. Treatment The duration of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia is on average 7-10 days. The minimum duration of treatment is 5 days if the patient has not had a fever for 48 hours and has no more than one clinical symptom associated with pneumonia.Hospital-acquired pneumonia Hospital-acquired pneumonia is most often caused by highly virulent autogenous microflora or pathogenic strains circulating in the hospital: pneumococcus, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella, enterococcus, proteus, bluetongue, legionella, anaerobic bacteria. Pathway of invasion of microorganisms 1.Innate path 2.Airborne 3.Hematogenous 4.Contagious Hematogenous and contagious paths occur rarely. Pneumonia can progress quickly and cause serious complications. Early medical consultation ensures proper diagnosis and treatment, reducing risks and promoting a faster recovery.

The human eye is a fascinating and complex organ that undergoes remarkable changes during infancy and early childhood. From birth, a baby's vision evolves rapidly, adapting to the world around them in just a few short months. One interesting fact is that the main lacrimal gland, which is responsible for producing tears, only begins to function around two months after birth. This is why newborns may cry audibly, but no tears are visible. It's only after this point that emotional tears become part of a baby's expressions. In terms of color vision, newborns begin their visual journey with limited ability. By the time a baby is four months old, they can already distinguish most colors. Their perception continues to improve, and by six months, babies are able to recognize all colors, just like adults. This development is made possible by the maturing of photoreceptor cells (cones) in the retina. The human eye itself is capable of perceiving only three primary colors: •Red •Blue •Green These three colors form the basis of all the other colors we see. The brain interprets combinations of these wavelengths to create the full spectrum of color vision. For example, mixing red and green can produce yellow, while blue and red make magenta. Another intriguing aspect of infant eye development is eye color. Many newborns are born with blue or grayish-blue eyes, which may not be their permanent color. Over time, typically within the first three years of life, a child’s eye color may darken or change entirely. This change occurs as melanin—the pigment responsible for eye, hair, and skin color—increases in the iris. Understanding these developmental milestones helps parents and caregivers better appreciate the early changes in a baby's visual world. From tearless cries to colorful discoveries, the human eye’s journey from birth is truly remarkable. It’s important to monitor your baby’s eye development from the very beginning. If you notice anything unusual, don’t hesitate to consult an eye specialist early on to ensure healthy vision.

Insulin resistance is a disordered response of target tissues, such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, to insulin production by the pancreas. In insulin resistance, glucose metabolism is impaired, leading to compensatory increased insulin production by beta cells and hyperinsulinemia.The consequences of insulin resistance can lead to: •hyperglycemia, •hypertension, •dyslipidemia, •hyperuricemia, •increased inflammatory markers, •endothelial dysfunction, •prothrombotic state. The main consequence of insulin resistance is type 2 diabetes. There is a hypothesis that insulin resistance precedes the development of type 2 diabetes 10-15 years. The primary focus in the treatment of insulin resistance should be lifestyle changes. In addition to drug therapy, it is necessary to reduce the intake of high-calorie foods and carbohydrates, which stimulate excessive insulin demand. Physical activity helps to increase energy expenditure and improve the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to insulin.

Earache is common among children, especially in early childhood. The presence of earache usually means that the child has an ear infection, otitis. Almost all parents deal with ear infections in children. This disease is especially typical for children aged 1-3, but it can also occur at a younger age. According to epidemiological studies, all children up to 5-7 years old get sick with this disease at least once, especially often at the age of 6-12 months. And after that age, from 5-7 years old, ear infections rarely occur. This is due to the structural features of the auditory tube in children. There are external, middle and internal ear infections. External ear infections occur when the infection accumulates around the hairs of the auditory tube, which can also cause an abscess. Otitis media is a complication of a viral or bacterial infection, or it can occur as a result of a ruptured eardrum. Inflammation of the inner ear occurs as a result of an infection of the paranasal sinuses, inflammation of the meninges, or purulent middle ear inflammation. Otitis media is more common in children.What are the causes of earache in children? •Viral and bacterial infections, in which the space behind the eardrum becomes inflamed and the middle ear becomes inflamed. •Swimmer's ear, which occurs as a result of irritation of the external auditory canal by water. The main symptom is itching in the auditory canal. If there is an infection, ear pain also occurs. •Injury to the auditory canal, which occurs when a hard object is used to clean the ear. The abrasions can become inflamed, which contributes to the occurrence of pain. •An abscess in the ear canal, which can be very painful. •A wax plug, which is a solid lump of earwax. It causes mild pain, but if the lump goes deeper into the ear canal when you clean the ear with a cotton swab, it can block the ear canal, cause inflammation, pain, and hearing loss in that ear. •Foreign bodies. Children can put various objects in their ears that can cause pain. These are usually small objects found in toys. Do not let your child play with small toys that are not recommended for children of their age, especially without parental supervision. •Barotrauma. During pressure fluctuations, such as on an airplane or in the elevators of high-rise buildings, the eardrum can stretch, which can cause pain, especially when there is a wax plug in the ear. •Referred pain. Earache can be caused by other problems, such as inflammation of the tonsils, jaw, parotid gland, mandibular glands, or teething.

The lens of the eye is a biconvex lens located behind the iris and attached to the ciliary body by the so-called ciliary ligaments. It is a refractive medium and occupies a unique place in the optical system of the eye. For distance and near vision, it changes its convexity so that light rays fall into focus. It is located in its capsule, has no blood vessels, and is nourished by nutrients penetrating into it through the phenomenon of osmosis. From the age of 50-55, as the body's metabolism slows down and deteriorates, soluble proteins in the lens turn into insoluble proteins and settle in the lens substance. Then they gradually become thicker, causing blurred vision and its gradual decrease. Age-related cataracts /translated from Greek catarus- means waterfall/, which gradually deepens. We distinguish 4 stages of cataract development: •beginning •immature •mature •overmature Since we receive 90% of information from the surrounding world through the visual organ, therefore, due to its dysfunction, the quality of a person's life decreases significantly. Cataract treatment is surgical, although in the initial stage, the combined long-term use of vitamins, antioxidants and local nourishing drops can reduce the intensity of its growth and slow down its progression. Many people believe that vision must completely deteriorate before they can undergo surgery. Previously, cataract cryoextraction/surgery using ice was performed. This surgery required a mature state of cataract. With the development of ophthalmology, this method is no longer used in modern conditions. Now cataract phacoemulsification is performed. This type of surgery is more advanced, there are no stitches is placed and is a wonderful option to avoid postoperative astigmatism. There is a widespread misconception among the people that it is a laser procedure, but no laser is used here.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which there is an increase in glucose in the blood. Glucose enters the blood with the food we eat, and then, through the hormone insulin, it is transported to the body's cells, generating energy. Glucose is the body's source of energy.Causes of diabetes mellitus type 2 1.Insulin resistance, when the body's cells are resistant or indifferent to the insulin produced, as a result of which insulin does not fully perform its function, causing energy hunger in the body. 2.When the cells produce little insulin 3.Genetic predisposition 4.Lifestyle /wrong diet, insufficient physical activity/. Type 2 diabetes mellitus may not be detected for a long time if there are no specific symptoms. In my practice, there are many cases when diabetes mellitus is detected during routine examinations, or when the patient is examined in connection with another disease. However, most often it is detected on the basis of clinical symptoms. The main symptoms of type 2 diabetes are: •Dry mouth •Frequent urination •Nocturia •Feeling of thirst •Weakness •Fatigue •Mood swings •Weight fluctuations

What is family planning? Family planning is a complex of medical and social measures aimed at preserving a woman's health, ensuring the birth of only healthy and expected children. Through this, the number of children in the family is regulated, the age difference between children is determined, and the age at which parents can become parents is determined. How to prevent unwanted pregnancy? There are various methods of contraception: A. Contraceptives: •Intrauterine device. •Oral hormonal contraceptives. •Hormonal patch, vaginal ring, injectables. •Implantation contraception. •Emergency contraceptive pills. •Spermicide. •Barrier methods: condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, contraceptive sponges. B. Biological methods: •Calendar method. •Interrupted sexual intercourse. •Lactational amenorrhea method. C. Insemination or sterilization - it can be female and male. The method of preventing unwanted pregnancy is chosen individually, taking into account various factors, as well as the opinion of the couple. A specialist - an obstetrician-gynecologist - will help you in this matter.Should you consult a specialist before pregnancy? When planning a child, it is necessary to prepare for pregnancy, to undergo some examinations. Purpose: assessment of the health status of the future mother, clarification of risk factors for pregnancy: physiological characteristics of the woman and diseases of the body, age of the parents, harmful habits, history of toxicosis of pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, breech presentation, fetal hypoxia (oxygen starvation), complicated obstetric (cesarean section, abortions, miscarriage) and gynecological history, etc. In case of detection of pathology, appropriate treatment is prescribed. If necessary, consultations and treatments of other specialists are carried out: endocrinologist, cardiologist, urologist, gastroenterologist, hematologist and others. Throughout the entire pregnancy, the pregnant woman is under supervision, the health of the woman and the future child is monitored. An obstetrician-gynecologist will help you become happy parents, have healthy and long-awaited children.