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Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can affect humans, animals, plants, and also bacteria and fungi. Each virus has its "own host" and can only infect specific cells. The main characteristic of viruses is that they are not fully-fledged living organisms. They don't have a cellular structure or their own mechanisms for reproduction. Instead, a virus penetrates the body's cells and uses their "machinery" to create new copies. Structurally, a virus consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope called a "supercapsid". How Do Viruses Enter the Body? Infections are most often transmitted through mucous membranes—the nose, mouth, eyes, genital organs, and anus. Infection can also occur through damaged skin or insect bites (mosquitoes, ticks). How Do Viruses Work? Once in the body, a virus attaches to a cell and penetrates it. The subsequent path can vary: • Lytic cycle — the virus immediately begins to actively multiply, destroying the cell. • Lysogenic cycle — the virus "falls asleep" inside the cell, integrating into its genetic code. Under certain conditions (stress, weakened immunity), it activates and begins to spread. Main Types of Viruses There are a huge number of viruses, among which the most well-known are: • Influenza (Influenza A and B) — causes seasonal epidemics. • Herpesviruses (Herpesviridae) — cause herpes, chickenpox, and shingles. • Coronaviruses — including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) — causes warts and can be linked to oncological diseases. • Enteroviruses — including poliomyelitis and hand, foot, and mouth disease. • Flaviviruses — transmitted by mosquitoes (dengue, yellow fever, Zika virus). • Hepatitis A, B, C — affect the liver and can lead to chronic diseases. • HIV and retroviruses — integrate into human DNA, causing severe chronic illnesses. Diseases Caused by Viruses Clinical manifestations depend on the specific pathogen. Viral infections can be asymptomatic but can also cause severe diseases: • colds and flu • COVID-19 • measles, chickenpox • hepatitis • HIV/AIDS • papillomavirus infections • herpes • poliomyelitis • rabies Living or Non-living? Scientists still debate whether to consider viruses as living organisms. On one hand, they don't have a metabolism and cannot exist without a host. On the other hand, they are capable of reproduction and change (evolution). Therefore, viruses occupy a "grey zone" between living and non-living. Why Is It Important to See a Doctor? Many viral infections are mild and resolve on their own. However, a number of diseases can have serious consequences: chronic liver damage, oncological processes, and complications to the respiratory system and immunity. Only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment or prevention (for example, vaccination).

Pregnancy is a special time in a woman's life when a future baby develops in her uterus. Conception most often happens after sexual intercourse, but it can also occur with the help of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). You can tell if you're pregnant using home tests or a blood test. Some of the earliest signs include a missed period, nausea, and fatigue. Most pregnancies end with the birth of a child, either naturally or by cesarean section. However, outcomes like miscarriage, abortion, or stillbirth are also possible. How Conception Happens Pregnancy begins when an egg and a sperm meet: • Ovulation: Once per cycle, an ovary releases an egg that waits in the fallopian tube for a sperm for 12–24 hours. • Fertilization: Millions of sperm race toward the egg, but only one fuses with it. • Embryo Development: The fertilized egg (zygote) begins to divide, becoming a blastocyst. • Implantation: About three days later, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and attaches to its wall. From this point, the placenta starts to form, and the embryo develops into a fetus. During this period, the woman's body produces special hormones that stop menstruation and support the baby's development. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) If natural conception is difficult, a doctor can help: • IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): Sperm are injected directly into the uterus during ovulation. • IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): An egg is fertilized by sperm in a lab, and the resulting embryo is placed in the uterus. How Long Pregnancy Lasts On average, a pregnancy lasts 40 weeks or 280 days. However, the duration is counted from the first day of the last menstrual period, not from the moment of conception. So, when a woman discovers she's pregnant (about two weeks after ovulation), she is already considered to be around 4 weeks along. How to Calculate the Due Date The simplest way is: • Write down the date of your last menstrual period. • Add 7 days. • Count back 3 months. • Add 1 year. Keep in mind that only about 5% of women give birth exactly on their estimated due date. An ultrasound can determine the due date more accurately. Gestational Age Gestational age is the length of a pregnancy, measured in weeks and days from the last menstrual period, not the actual date of conception. For example, 22 weeks and 3 days of pregnancy. Trimesters of Pregnancy Pregnancy is divided into three stages, each lasting about 13 weeks. • First Trimester (0–13 weeks): This is the most crucial stage when all of the fetus's organs are formed. Symptoms might include fatigue, nausea, breast tenderness, changes in appetite, constipation, and mood swings. Doctors recommend prenatal vitamins and avoiding alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and certain foods. • Second Trimester (14–28 weeks): Nausea usually lessens and well-being improves. New changes can occur, such as weight gain, muscle aches, darkening of the areolas, the appearance of a pregnancy line, and the baby's first movements. • Third Trimester (29–40 weeks): This is the final stage where the fetus actively grows and gains weight. A woman may experience shortness of breath, back pain, frequent urination, and difficulty sleeping. The first signs of labor, such as contractions and the passing of the mucus plug, may also appear. Full-Term and Preterm Pregnancies • Term pregnancy: 39–40 weeks. • Early-term: 37–38 weeks. • Late-term: 41 weeks. • Post-term pregnancy: After 42 weeks. Why Is Prenatal Care Needed? Regular visits to the doctor allow for monitoring the health of both the mother and the child. At appointments, the doctor will measure your blood pressure and weight, check lab results, listen to the fetal heartbeat, perform an ultrasound, and give you recommendations on diet and lifestyle. Here is a typical visit schedule: • Until week 28: once a month. • 28–36 weeks: every 2 weeks. • After week 36: weekly. How Much Weight Should You Gain? The normal amount is individual, but it is most often 11–16 kg throughout the entire pregnancy.Dalimed Medical Center Cares for You Pregnancy is an important and responsible stage that requires professional support. At Dalimed Medical Center, you will receive comprehensive care, from your first tests and ultrasounds to preparation for childbirth. Our experienced specialists will help you get through all the stages of pregnancy calmly, ensuring the health of both the future mother and the baby.

Modern dentistry offers many ways to restore the health and aesthetics of teeth. One of the most reliable solutions is the installation of a dental crown—a "cap" that completely covers a damaged tooth and protects it from decay. What is a Dental Crown? A dental crown is a durable, tooth-shaped prosthetic that is placed over a natural tooth, like a cap. Before it is fixed, the dentist removes a small layer of enamel to ensure a perfect fit. Crowns are made from various materials: metal, ceramic, porcelain, resin, and combinations of these. The choice depends on the clinical situation and the patient's wishes. When Is a Crown Needed? A crown may be needed in a variety of cases: • when a tooth is badly decayed or severely worn down • to strengthen a weakened tooth • for cracks and chips • after root canal treatment • to anchor a bridge • for pronounced changes in enamel color • after an implant The main goal is to save the natural tooth, restoring its function and aesthetics. Varieties of Dental Crowns Metal Made from gold, palladium, nickel, or chromium. They are known for their durability, resistance to chewing forces, and minimal tooth preparation. The main disadvantage is the metallic color, so they are more often placed on back teeth. Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal (PFM) They combine the strength of metal with the aesthetics of porcelain. Their color can be matched to natural teeth. A disadvantage is that the porcelain can chip over time, and they can also wear down the enamel of opposing teeth. Pressed Ceramic A ceramic frame is used instead of a metal one. These crowns are very similar in appearance to natural teeth, but have the same risk of chipping as PFM crowns. All-Ceramic / Porcelain These have the most natural appearance, and crowns made of zirconium dioxide are especially popular. They are strong, durable, and suitable for patients with a metal allergy. Pros and Cons Advantages of crowns: • restoration of chewing function • protection of the tooth from decay • improved appearance • lifespan of 5 to 15 years (and sometimes up to 30 with good care) Disadvantages: • requires removal of enamel • possible sensitivity in the first few weeks • risk of chipping or coming loose • high cost (depending on the material) Care for Dental Crowns For a crown to last a long time, you need to: • brush your teeth twice a day with a soft-bristled brush and fluoride toothpaste • floss daily • use antiseptic mouthwash • avoid very hard and sticky foods • visit the dentist for check-ups and cleanings • use a night guard for bruxism Possible Sensations After Placement Immediately after the procedure, the patient may feel slight sensitivity to hot and cold, as well as gum discomfort. These symptoms usually disappear within a few days. Veneers or Crowns: What to Choose? Veneers solve cosmetic problems: they hide cracks, chips, and pigmentation. Crowns are for restorative treatment: they strengthen and protect the tooth, restoring its function and aesthetics. Conclusion Dental crowns are a reliable and proven solution that allows you to save your natural teeth, restore a healthy smile, and regain your self-confidence. The choice of material and technology should be made together with your dentist, taking into account your needs, habits, and budget.

Doppler ultrasound is a modern and safe diagnostic method that allows doctors to see the structure of blood vessels and evaluate blood flow within them. Unlike a regular ultrasound, this method shows the direction and speed of blood flow and can identify blockages or changes in the cardiovascular system and heart. When Is It Used? The examination helps a doctor understand how correctly blood circulation is functioning , whether there are any blockages or slowing of blood flow , and whether there is a reverse flow of blood or congestion. Doppler ultrasound is prescribed if there is a suspicion of: • Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis • Vascular narrowing or damage • Chronic venous insufficiency • Hypertension associated with impaired renal circulation • Aneurysms and vascular tumors • The condition of transplanted organs • Blood flow between the mother and fetus during pregnancy Types of Examination The Dalimed medical center offers various types of Doppler ultrasound: • Color Doppler imaging shows the direction of blood flow using a color palette. • Spectral Doppler is a graph that displays blood flow velocity over time. • Duplex scanning combines a regular ultrasound with Doppler, allowing simultaneous visualization of the vessel and measurement of blood flow. • Power Doppler is particularly useful for assessing low blood flow within organs. • Transcranial Doppler examines blood circulation in the brain's vessels to rule out a stroke or hemorrhage. Preparation and Safety Specific preparation recommendations depend on the area being examined. Sometimes you must come on an empty stomach. It is also recommended to avoid smoking and nicotine products for two hours before the procedure, as they constrict blood vessels. Doppler ultrasound is a completely harmless method that does not use X-rays or contrast agents. It is even prescribed for pregnant women to monitor blood flow between the mother and child. Why Choose Dalimed Medical Center? • Modern expert-class equipment. • Experienced specialists in ultrasound diagnostics. • Individual approach to each patient. • Accurate and timely diagnosis of vascular and heart diseases. If you care about your health and want to check the condition of your blood vessels, contact the Dalimed medical center. We will help you identify problems in time and maintain your health!

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein that is synthesized in large quantities by thyrocytes (thyroid cells) and secreted into the follicular lumen. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroglobulin contains approximately 132 tyrosine residues, about one-third of which can be iodinated to mono- and diiodotyrosine (MIT and DIT) with the help of thyroperoxidase and iodine. The subsequent coupling of MIT and DIT to form T3 and T4 also occurs within the thyroglobulin matrix with the involvement of thyroperoxidase. The synthesis of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the level of iodine within the thyroid, and the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. During the synthesis of thyroglobulin by thyrocytes and its transfer to the follicles, small amounts of the protein can enter the bloodstream. Consequently, low concentrations of thyroglobulin can be detected in the blood. Thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be high in a number of thyroid-related diseases. The main causes of elevated thyroglobulin levels are: • Thyroid cancer, particularly differentiated thyroid cancers (papillary and follicular types), where thyroglobulin is used as a tumor marker to detect residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease. • Benign proliferative thyroid diseases, such as thyroid nodules, adenomas, and goiter, which increase the mass of thyroid tissue and thyroglobulin production. • Autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, which are associated with the destruction or inflammation of thyroid tissue. • Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) and physical trauma to the thyroid gland. • Hyperthyroidism, due to increased thyroid activity. • Thyroglobulin levels can be temporarily high after thyroid surgery or injury to the thyroid tissue. • Iodine deficiency or excess can also affect thyroglobulin levels. The presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) can interfere with thyroglobulin measurement, which can lead to falsely high or falsely low thyroglobulin values. Therefore, it is recommended to simultaneously test for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies to rule out this interference.

The health of the reproductive organs is largely dependent on both internal and external factors. Disturbances in the function of this system can affect not only the overall health of a woman or man but also their ability to have children. External Factors Harmful external influences include: • Early onset of sexual life. • Irregular or unsafe sexual life. • Sexually transmitted infections and other infectious diseases. • Psychological stress and tension. • Mechanical damage to the sexual organs. • Insufficient or improper hygiene. • Improper or prolonged use of medications (especially antibiotics, hormonal drugs, and contraceptives). Internal Factors Internal causes include: • Inflammatory diseases present in the body. • Hormonal imbalances. • Diseases of the endocrine system. • Artificially terminated pregnancies (abortions) and miscarriages. • Structural anomalies of the sexual organs, tumors, and hereditary factors. Main Groups of Diseases Pathologies of the reproductive system are conditionally divided into several groups: • Hormonal diseases: These occur due to hormonal imbalances and disturbances in the function of the internal secretion glands. They can manifest as polycystic ovary syndrome, menstrual cycle disorders, and other symptoms. • Inflammatory diseases: These include colpitis, cervicitis, endometritis, adnexitis, mastitis, and others. They can be caused by specific microorganisms (chlamydia, gonococcus, trichomonad, viruses) or non-specific pathogens (E. coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). • Hyperplastic diseases: These include tumors of the breasts, uterus, and ovaries, hyperplasia of the uterine lining, polyps, and cancerous pathologies. • Other diseases: These include endometriosis, diseases of the cervix (ectopia, dysplasia, etc.), as well as various structural anomalies of the sexual organs. Symptoms Reproductive system problems can manifest in different ways: • Pain in the lower abdomen and lower back. • Unusual discharge from the genital tract. • Itching and burning in the external genital area. • Elevated body temperature. • General weakness. • Menstrual cycle deviations (irregularity, changes in duration, heavy bleeding). • Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant. • Painful sexual intercourse. • Skin problems (oily skin, acne, hair growth, hair loss, pigmentation). Diagnosis and Treatment In case of these conditions, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist. Diagnosis is performed through complex examinations, including general and gynecological examination, ultrasound, blood and biological material analysis, colposcopy, X-ray, CT, MRI, densitometry, and others. Treatment methods are selected based on the diagnosis and include: • Drug therapy (antibiotics, hormonal drugs, vitamins, trace elements, special diet, physiotherapy). • Surgical intervention. • Combined treatment. Prevention To maintain reproductive health, it is important to: • Practice safe sexual life. • Undergo regular gynecological examinations. • Maintain hygiene. • Monitor hormonal balance. • Have a healthy diet and physical activity.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of diseases that are primarily spread through sexual contact. They are a significant public health issue because they are widespread and often go unnoticed. In many cases, an infected person may be unaware of their illness for a long time, which can lead to them unknowingly infecting their partner. Most STIs are curable, but if left untreated, they can cause serious complications, including infertility, pregnancy complications, and systemic diseases. The Most Common STIs Today, more than 30 bacteria, viruses, and parasites can be transmitted sexually. The most common ones are: • Chlamydia: A common bacterial infection that is often asymptomatic but can cause infertility if untreated. • Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that affects the genitourinary system and can also damage the joints and eyes. • Syphilis: A chronic infection with several stages that, without treatment, can harm the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and internal organs. • Human Papillomavirus (HPV): A viral infection that is widespread globally. Some subtypes cause genital warts (papillomas), while others are linked to the development of cancer, especially cervical cancer. • Herpes: A viral infection that causes painful blisters and sores in the genital area. • HIV/AIDS: The human immunodeficiency virus damages the immune system. Without treatment, it causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which is accompanied by life-threatening infections and tumors. Possible Symptoms STIs can have various manifestations, but the most common symptoms include: • Abnormal discharge from the external genitals. • Pain or a burning sensation during urination. • Itching, sores, or blisters on the genitals. • Lower abdominal pain. It's important to remember that many infections have no symptoms. This means a person can appear healthy but actually be a carrier and transmit the disease to others. What Complications Can Occur? Untreated STIs can lead to serious health problems: • In women: Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and cervical cancer. • In men: Spermatogenesis disorders and infertility. • In both: Chronic pain, joint inflammation, and nervous system disorders. An HIV infection is unique because, without treatment, it gradually destroys the immune system, making the body vulnerable to any infections. How to Protect Yourself The most effective way to protect yourself from STIs is prevention. • Condom use: Reduces the risk of infection transmission. • Having one trusted partner: Reduces the likelihood of getting infected. • Regular medical check-ups: Especially necessary if you have multiple partners or are starting a new relationship. • Vaccinations: An HPV vaccine is available today that protects against the most dangerous subtypes of the virus and prevents the development of cervical cancer. Conclusion STIs are widespread but preventable and curable diseases. It's important to be informed about them, practice personal hygiene, and have safe sexual practices. By seeking medical attention and undergoing the appropriate tests in a timely manner, you can not only prevent the spread of infections but also protect your own health and that of your partner.

Eyelid hygiene is focused on restoring and maintaining the health of the eyelids and eyelashes, improving elasticity, and reducing wrinkles in the skin around the eyes. Protecting the eyelids from harsh environmental factors, infections, and parasites is key to preventing and treating blepharitis and dry eye. Proper eyelid hygiene helps the glands function normally, restores metabolic processes in the skin, and ensures a healthy tear film. Daily eyelid and eyelash hygiene involves simple habits like removing dirt, natural eye secretions, makeup residue, and other tiny particles that build up around the eyes throughout the day. The skin on the eyelids is the thinnest on the human body, so it requires the most delicate care. While a simple wash with water in the morning and evening is good, it isn't enough to prevent eyelid diseases. What Happens When You Neglect Hygiene? Many people underestimate the importance of eyelid care. The buildup of dirt and oily secretions on the eyelid margin creates a perfect environment for bacteria to multiply. Insufficient cleaning can lead to blepharitis and conjunctivitis. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) One of the most common causes of eye diseases is Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD). These tiny oil glands are located on the edge of the eyelids where they meet when your eyes are closed. They secrete an oily fluid that covers the eye's surface and prevents the watery part of the tears from evaporating. MGD is the main cause of dry eye syndrome and affects about 70% of the urban population. It is also associated with all forms of blepharitis. Risk factors include wearing contact lenses and glasses, eye makeup, working in dusty conditions, and daily computer use. MGD Prevention: Eyelid Hygiene Eyelid hygiene is the primary method for treating and preventing MGD and is widely used in ophthalmology. The basic principle is using single-use, sterile, moist wipes with soothing natural ingredients, as well as warm compresses. How to Choose Quality Wipes Focus on the manufacturer. ООО "M.K. Aseptica" has been on the Russian market for over 23 years. Their medical, cosmetic, and hygiene products under the "Aseptica" brand are well-known to consumers (for example, single-use alcohol wipes can be found in almost any medical facility). The company has a modern production complex and its own lab for quality control of raw materials and products. In 2021, "M.K. Aseptica" introduced a new product: sterile moist wipes for daily eyelid and eyelash care called ODOSASEPTICA. They clean the eyes of secretions, dirt, and small particles and are an effective preventative measure against MGD. The product was developed with the assistance of the Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. The wipes have been featured at professional exhibitions and have received positive feedback from doctors and ophthalmology clinics. ODOSASEPTICA Advantages: • Soft non-woven fabric • Formulated to match the tear pH • Free of fragrances, preservatives, and dyes • Hypoallergenic and do not require rinsing • Contain green tea, chamomile, and calendula extracts that soothe the eyelids, reduce puffiness, and provide deep hydration ODOSASEPTICA can be prescribed to patients for both prevention and as an additional treatment for blepharitis of various causes. How to Use ODOSASEPTICA It's recommended to perform the eyelid and eyelash cleaning procedure daily. The compact packaging allows for use anytime, anywhere. Step-by-step instructions: 1. Wash your hands with soap and warm water (or use an antiseptic). 2. Open the package and unfold the wipe. 3. With your eye closed, gently apply the wipe to your eyelids and the base of your eyelashes. 4. Massage your eyelids with gentle, circular motions. 5. Use a separate wipe for each eye. Warm Compress: To make a warm compress, heat the wipe in a cup of hot water for 2-3 minutes, open the package, and place it on your closed eyelids for 1-2 minutes. This improves the drainage of the meibomian glands, prevents secretion buildup, enhances blood circulation, and lowers the risk of inflammation.