Rubella

Rubella is a highly contagious viral illness that typically causes mild fever, a mild rash, and swollen lymph nodes. While most cases are not severe, if a pregnant woman contracts rubella early in her pregnancy, the virus can pass from her to the developing baby via the bloodstream, potentially leading to birth defects or even fetal death.

How is rubella spread?

Rubella is transmitted through direct contact with the nasal or throat secretions of an infected person. It can also spread by inhaling droplets released into the air when someone who is infected sneezes, coughs, or speaks.

What are the symptoms of rubella?

Rubella is usually a mild disease that may show few or no symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they can include a rash, mild fever, joint pain, headache, general discomfort, runny nose, sore throat, and red eyes. The lymph nodes located behind the ears and at the back of the neck may become swollen, leading to tenderness and/or pain. The rash, which can be itchy, begins on the face and spreads downward, typically lasting around three days. In up to half of all rubella cases, a rash is not present.

How soon do symptoms appear?

The usual incubation period for rubella is 14 days; with a range of 12 to 23 days.

What are the complications of rubella?

Complications are more common in adult women, who may experience arthritis or joint pain, particularly in the fingers, wrists, and knees. These symptoms usually resolve within a month after the rash appears.

When rubella infects infants during the first trimester of pregnancy, up to 85 percent may develop birth defects and/or neurological issues (known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome, CRS).

What is the treatment for rubella?

There is no specific treatment available for rubella.

When and for how long can someone spread rubella?

Rubella can be transmitted from seven days before the rash appears until seven days after it develops.

Does a previous rubella infection provide immunity?

Yes. Immunity gained from a past rubella infection is typically lifelong.

What is the rubella vaccine?

The rubella vaccine is part of the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Women of childbearing age should have their immunity tested and receive the rubella vaccine if necessary.