Dental Crowns: Everything You Need to Know About Restoring Teeth

Doppler ultrasound is a modern and safe diagnostic method that allows doctors to see the structure of blood vessels and evaluate blood flow within them. Unlike a regular ultrasound, this method shows the direction and speed of blood flow and can identify blockages or changes in the cardiovascular system and heart. When Is It Used? The examination helps a doctor understand how correctly blood circulation is functioning , whether there are any blockages or slowing of blood flow , and whether there is a reverse flow of blood or congestion. Doppler ultrasound is prescribed if there is a suspicion of: • Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis • Vascular narrowing or damage • Chronic venous insufficiency • Hypertension associated with impaired renal circulation • Aneurysms and vascular tumors • The condition of transplanted organs • Blood flow between the mother and fetus during pregnancy Types of Examination The Dalimed medical center offers various types of Doppler ultrasound: • Color Doppler imaging shows the direction of blood flow using a color palette. • Spectral Doppler is a graph that displays blood flow velocity over time. • Duplex scanning combines a regular ultrasound with Doppler, allowing simultaneous visualization of the vessel and measurement of blood flow. • Power Doppler is particularly useful for assessing low blood flow within organs. • Transcranial Doppler examines blood circulation in the brain's vessels to rule out a stroke or hemorrhage. Preparation and Safety Specific preparation recommendations depend on the area being examined. Sometimes you must come on an empty stomach. It is also recommended to avoid smoking and nicotine products for two hours before the procedure, as they constrict blood vessels. Doppler ultrasound is a completely harmless method that does not use X-rays or contrast agents. It is even prescribed for pregnant women to monitor blood flow between the mother and child. Why Choose Dalimed Medical Center? • Modern expert-class equipment. • Experienced specialists in ultrasound diagnostics. • Individual approach to each patient. • Accurate and timely diagnosis of vascular and heart diseases. If you care about your health and want to check the condition of your blood vessels, contact the Dalimed medical center. We will help you identify problems in time and maintain your health!

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein that is synthesized in large quantities by thyrocytes (thyroid cells) and secreted into the follicular lumen. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroglobulin contains approximately 132 tyrosine residues, about one-third of which can be iodinated to mono- and diiodotyrosine (MIT and DIT) with the help of thyroperoxidase and iodine. The subsequent coupling of MIT and DIT to form T3 and T4 also occurs within the thyroglobulin matrix with the involvement of thyroperoxidase. The synthesis of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the level of iodine within the thyroid, and the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. During the synthesis of thyroglobulin by thyrocytes and its transfer to the follicles, small amounts of the protein can enter the bloodstream. Consequently, low concentrations of thyroglobulin can be detected in the blood. Thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be high in a number of thyroid-related diseases. The main causes of elevated thyroglobulin levels are: • Thyroid cancer, particularly differentiated thyroid cancers (papillary and follicular types), where thyroglobulin is used as a tumor marker to detect residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease. • Benign proliferative thyroid diseases, such as thyroid nodules, adenomas, and goiter, which increase the mass of thyroid tissue and thyroglobulin production. • Autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, which are associated with the destruction or inflammation of thyroid tissue. • Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) and physical trauma to the thyroid gland. • Hyperthyroidism, due to increased thyroid activity. • Thyroglobulin levels can be temporarily high after thyroid surgery or injury to the thyroid tissue. • Iodine deficiency or excess can also affect thyroglobulin levels. The presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) can interfere with thyroglobulin measurement, which can lead to falsely high or falsely low thyroglobulin values. Therefore, it is recommended to simultaneously test for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies to rule out this interference.

The health of the reproductive organs is largely dependent on both internal and external factors. Disturbances in the function of this system can affect not only the overall health of a woman or man but also their ability to have children. External Factors Harmful external influences include: • Early onset of sexual life. • Irregular or unsafe sexual life. • Sexually transmitted infections and other infectious diseases. • Psychological stress and tension. • Mechanical damage to the sexual organs. • Insufficient or improper hygiene. • Improper or prolonged use of medications (especially antibiotics, hormonal drugs, and contraceptives). Internal Factors Internal causes include: • Inflammatory diseases present in the body. • Hormonal imbalances. • Diseases of the endocrine system. • Artificially terminated pregnancies (abortions) and miscarriages. • Structural anomalies of the sexual organs, tumors, and hereditary factors. Main Groups of Diseases Pathologies of the reproductive system are conditionally divided into several groups: • Hormonal diseases: These occur due to hormonal imbalances and disturbances in the function of the internal secretion glands. They can manifest as polycystic ovary syndrome, menstrual cycle disorders, and other symptoms. • Inflammatory diseases: These include colpitis, cervicitis, endometritis, adnexitis, mastitis, and others. They can be caused by specific microorganisms (chlamydia, gonococcus, trichomonad, viruses) or non-specific pathogens (E. coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). • Hyperplastic diseases: These include tumors of the breasts, uterus, and ovaries, hyperplasia of the uterine lining, polyps, and cancerous pathologies. • Other diseases: These include endometriosis, diseases of the cervix (ectopia, dysplasia, etc.), as well as various structural anomalies of the sexual organs. Symptoms Reproductive system problems can manifest in different ways: • Pain in the lower abdomen and lower back. • Unusual discharge from the genital tract. • Itching and burning in the external genital area. • Elevated body temperature. • General weakness. • Menstrual cycle deviations (irregularity, changes in duration, heavy bleeding). • Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant. • Painful sexual intercourse. • Skin problems (oily skin, acne, hair growth, hair loss, pigmentation). Diagnosis and Treatment In case of these conditions, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist. Diagnosis is performed through complex examinations, including general and gynecological examination, ultrasound, blood and biological material analysis, colposcopy, X-ray, CT, MRI, densitometry, and others. Treatment methods are selected based on the diagnosis and include: • Drug therapy (antibiotics, hormonal drugs, vitamins, trace elements, special diet, physiotherapy). • Surgical intervention. • Combined treatment. Prevention To maintain reproductive health, it is important to: • Practice safe sexual life. • Undergo regular gynecological examinations. • Maintain hygiene. • Monitor hormonal balance. • Have a healthy diet and physical activity.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of diseases that are primarily spread through sexual contact. They are a significant public health issue because they are widespread and often go unnoticed. In many cases, an infected person may be unaware of their illness for a long time, which can lead to them unknowingly infecting their partner. Most STIs are curable, but if left untreated, they can cause serious complications, including infertility, pregnancy complications, and systemic diseases. The Most Common STIs Today, more than 30 bacteria, viruses, and parasites can be transmitted sexually. The most common ones are: • Chlamydia: A common bacterial infection that is often asymptomatic but can cause infertility if untreated. • Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that affects the genitourinary system and can also damage the joints and eyes. • Syphilis: A chronic infection with several stages that, without treatment, can harm the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and internal organs. • Human Papillomavirus (HPV): A viral infection that is widespread globally. Some subtypes cause genital warts (papillomas), while others are linked to the development of cancer, especially cervical cancer. • Herpes: A viral infection that causes painful blisters and sores in the genital area. • HIV/AIDS: The human immunodeficiency virus damages the immune system. Without treatment, it causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which is accompanied by life-threatening infections and tumors. Possible Symptoms STIs can have various manifestations, but the most common symptoms include: • Abnormal discharge from the external genitals. • Pain or a burning sensation during urination. • Itching, sores, or blisters on the genitals. • Lower abdominal pain. It's important to remember that many infections have no symptoms. This means a person can appear healthy but actually be a carrier and transmit the disease to others. What Complications Can Occur? Untreated STIs can lead to serious health problems: • In women: Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and cervical cancer. • In men: Spermatogenesis disorders and infertility. • In both: Chronic pain, joint inflammation, and nervous system disorders. An HIV infection is unique because, without treatment, it gradually destroys the immune system, making the body vulnerable to any infections. How to Protect Yourself The most effective way to protect yourself from STIs is prevention. • Condom use: Reduces the risk of infection transmission. • Having one trusted partner: Reduces the likelihood of getting infected. • Regular medical check-ups: Especially necessary if you have multiple partners or are starting a new relationship. • Vaccinations: An HPV vaccine is available today that protects against the most dangerous subtypes of the virus and prevents the development of cervical cancer. Conclusion STIs are widespread but preventable and curable diseases. It's important to be informed about them, practice personal hygiene, and have safe sexual practices. By seeking medical attention and undergoing the appropriate tests in a timely manner, you can not only prevent the spread of infections but also protect your own health and that of your partner.