Doctor, scientist and biomedical engineer Armen Khrlobyan about Dalimed

Swimming is one of the best ways to stay active, especially during warm weather. A day at the pool, beach, or water park can be relaxing and fun, but spending time in the water can sometimes cause problems for the ears and skin. Prolonged moisture may create conditions that allow irritation or infection to develop, particularly when water remains trapped in the ear or on the skin for too long.The good news is that a few simple habits can help reduce these risks and make swimming safer and more comfortable.Why swimming can affect your earsWater can become trapped inside the ear canal after swimming. When the skin inside the ear stays moist for a long time, it can become irritated and more vulnerable to infection. This is commonly known as swimmer's ear, an infection of the outer ear canal.Possible signs may include:• Ear itching or discomfort • Pain that becomes worse when touching or pulling the outer ear • A feeling of fullness or blockage • Redness or swelling • Fluid or discharge from the ear • Temporary changes in hearing Trying to remove water by putting cotton swabs or other objects inside the ear can sometimes make the problem worse by irritating or damaging the delicate skin.Simple ways to protect your earsAfter swimming, gently dry the outside of your ears with a clean towel and tilt your head to each side to help any trapped water drain out naturally. If water remains in your ear or you regularly develop ear problems after swimming, it is best to speak with a healthcare professional about the safest prevention methods for you.Avoid inserting objects into the ear canal, even if your ear feels blocked. In many cases, the safest approach is to let the ear dry naturally rather than trying to clean deeply inside it.How swimming can affect your skinPools, hot tubs, lakes, and other swimming areas can expose the skin to different substances and microorganisms. Chlorine and other pool chemicals may cause dryness or irritation in some people, while prolonged exposure to water can weaken the skin's natural protective barrier.Hot tubs and poorly maintained pools may also allow certain bacteria to grow, sometimes leading to a rash known as hot tub folliculitis. This can cause small red bumps, itching, or discomfort, often appearing under areas covered by a swimsuit.Skin problems may become more likely when:• You stay in wet swimwear for a long time • The pool or hot tub is not properly maintained • Your skin is already irritated, scratched, or affected by eczema • You spend long periods in heavily chlorinated water • You do not shower after swimming These problems are not always serious, but paying attention to changes in your skin can help prevent irritation from becoming more uncomfortable.Healthy habits after swimmingA quick post-swim routine can make a real difference. Showering with clean water helps remove chlorine, bacteria, and other substances from the skin. Changing out of a wet swimsuit as soon as possible can also reduce prolonged moisture and irritation.If your skin tends to become dry after swimming, applying a gentle moisturizer may help restore moisture and support the skin barrier. Using clean towels and avoiding the sharing of personal items such as towels can also help reduce the spread of certain infections.When should you see a doctor?Most mild irritation improves with basic care, but persistent or worsening symptoms should not be ignored. Ear pain, significant swelling, discharge, reduced hearing, or symptoms that continue after swimming may require medical evaluation. The same is true for a spreading or painful rash, pus-filled bumps, fever, or skin changes that do not improve.Swimming should be enjoyable, not followed by days of discomfort. Taking a few minutes to dry your ears, shower, change out of wet clothing, and care for your skin can go a long way toward preventing common swimming-related problems. And when symptoms seem unusual or continue to worsen, timely medical advice can help prevent a small problem from becoming a more serious infection.

Dandruff is one of those problems that can seem minor but become surprisingly frustrating. White or yellowish flakes on the scalp and shoulders, persistent itching, and the need to constantly check your clothes can affect both comfort and confidence. Many people assume dandruff simply means that their scalp is dry, but the reality is often more complex.In most cases, dandruff is not a sign of poor hygiene. It can develop for several reasons and may affect people with different hair types and scalp conditions. Understanding what triggers it is the first step toward finding an effective way to manage it.What causes dandruff?Dandruff occurs when skin cells on the scalp shed more quickly than usual. This can lead to visible flakes that become trapped in the hair or fall onto clothing. One of the most common factors involved is an overgrowth of a naturally occurring yeast called Malassezia, which lives on the skin of most people.Several other factors may also contribute to dandruff, including:• Oily or irritated skin • Sensitivity to certain hair care products • Skin conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis • Stress and hormonal changes • Cold, dry weather • Infrequent or unsuitable hair washing Dandruff can sometimes become more noticeable during certain seasons or periods of stress, which is why its severity may change over time.Dandruff is not always caused by a dry scalpThis is one of the most common misconceptions. A dry scalp can cause small flakes and itching, but classic dandruff is often associated with excess oil and irritation rather than simple dryness.The appearance of the flakes may also provide some clues. Dry scalp flakes are often smaller and lighter, while dandruff related to oiliness or seborrheic dermatitis may produce larger, slightly greasy or yellowish flakes. However, it is not always easy to identify the exact cause without a medical examination.What can help treat dandruff?For many people, regular use of an anti-dandruff shampoo is enough to reduce flakes and itching. These products may contain active ingredients designed to control yeast, reduce scaling, or calm irritation.Depending on the product, helpful ingredients may include:• Ketoconazole • Selenium sulfide • Zinc pyrithione • Salicylic acid • Coal tar It is important to follow the instructions carefully. Some shampoos need to remain on the scalp for several minutes before being rinsed, allowing the active ingredient enough time to work.Regular washing can also help remove excess oil and flakes. However, washing too aggressively or using harsh products may irritate the scalp and make the problem feel worse. Choosing products that suit your hair and scalp type is often just as important as how frequently you wash your hair.When should you see a doctor?Dandruff is usually manageable, but persistent or severe symptoms may need medical attention. If over-the-counter products do not help, or if the scalp becomes very red, painful, swollen, or develops thick scales, it is worth consulting a dermatologist.In some cases, what appears to be ordinary dandruff may actually be another skin condition, such as psoriasis, eczema, or a more severe form of seborrheic dermatitis. Identifying the underlying cause can help ensure that the right treatment is used.Dandruff can be frustrating, but it is a common and usually manageable condition. It is not necessarily a sign that you are not taking good care of your hair. With the right scalp care and treatment, many people can significantly reduce flaking and itching. If the problem continues despite regular care, seeking professional advice can help determine what is really happening and provide a more effective solution.

Stress is a normal part of life. Meeting deadlines, caring for family, financial concerns, or unexpected events can all trigger the body's natural stress response. While short-term stress is a normal reaction that helps us respond to challenges, ongoing stress can gradually affect many aspects of our health; including the heart and blood pressure.Many people focus on cholesterol, diet, or lack of exercise when thinking about heart health, but emotional well-being also plays an important role. Although stress itself does not directly cause heart disease, it can contribute to conditions and habits that increase cardiovascular risk over time.What happens in the body during stress?When you experience stress, your body releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones prepare you for a "fight-or-flight" response by increasing your heart rate, narrowing blood vessels, and temporarily raising blood pressure.This reaction is helpful in emergencies because it allows the body to respond quickly. However, when stress becomes frequent or long-lasting, the heart and blood vessels may remain under repeated strain, making it more difficult for the body to return to its normal state.How chronic stress can affect heart healthLong-term stress influences the cardiovascular system in several ways. It may:• Raise blood pressure more often • Increase heart rate • Contribute to inflammation in the body • Affect blood sugar and cholesterol levels • Make healthy lifestyle habits more difficult to maintain People under constant stress may also sleep poorly, exercise less, eat unhealthy foods, smoke, or drink more alcohol, all of which can further increase the risk of heart disease and hypertension.Signs that stress may be affecting your bodyStress does not always look the same for everyone. Common signs include:• Frequent headaches • Muscle tension • Trouble sleeping • Feeling anxious or irritable • Fatigue despite getting enough rest • Heart palpitations or awareness of your heartbeat • Temporary increases in blood pressure during stressful situations These symptoms do not always indicate a heart problem, but if they occur regularly or are accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting, medical evaluation is important.Protecting your heart during stressful timesManaging stress is not about eliminating every challenge from life. Instead, it means helping your body recover from daily pressures in healthy ways. Simple habits that support both emotional and cardiovascular health include regular physical activity, getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation, maintaining social connections, and making time for enjoyable activities.Regular blood pressure checks are also important, especially if you have a family history of hypertension or heart disease. Because high blood pressure often develops without noticeable symptoms, routine monitoring can help detect changes early.Stress is a part of everyday life, but it should not become a permanent burden on your body. Persistent stress, especially when combined with unhealthy lifestyle habits, can gradually increase the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Paying attention to both your mental and physical health, adopting healthy coping strategies, and seeking medical advice when symptoms persist can help protect your heart for years to come.

Calcium is often associated with strong bones, but its role in the body goes far beyond the skeleton. This essential mineral supports healthy muscles, nerves, the heart, and even blood clotting. While many people think about calcium only as they grow older, the truth is that it is important throughout every stage of life—from childhood to older adulthood.Because the body cannot produce calcium on its own, it must be obtained through food or, when necessary, supplements recommended by a healthcare professional. Getting enough calcium consistently is one of the simplest ways to support long-term health.Why your body needs calciumAbout 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth, where it helps maintain their strength and structure. The remaining 1% circulates in the blood and soft tissues, playing a vital role in many everyday functions.Calcium is needed to:• Build and maintain strong bones and teeth • Support normal muscle contraction • Help nerves transmit signals throughout the body • Maintain a regular heartbeat • Assist with normal blood clotting When dietary calcium is insufficient, the body begins taking calcium from the bones to maintain these essential functions. Over time, this can weaken bone tissue and increase the risk of fractures.Why calcium matters at different agesCalcium requirements change throughout life, but its importance never disappears.During childhood and adolescence, adequate calcium helps build bone mass while the skeleton is still developing. These years are especially important because much of the bone strength needed later in life is established before adulthood.In adulthood, calcium helps maintain bone density while continuing to support normal muscle and nerve function. Regular intake, together with physical activity, contributes to keeping bones healthy over time.As people get older, bone loss naturally accelerates, particularly after menopause in women. Ensuring sufficient calcium intake becomes increasingly important to help reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.Signs you may not be getting enough calciumA mild calcium deficiency often develops gradually and may not cause noticeable symptoms at first. If calcium intake remains low for a long time, some people may experience:• Muscle cramps or spasms • Tingling or numbness in the fingers • Brittle nails • Frequent bone fractures • Dental problems • Reduced bone density These symptoms can also have other causes, so medical evaluation is important rather than self-diagnosis.Good dietary sources of calciumMost people can meet their calcium needs through a balanced diet. Foods naturally rich in calcium include:• Milk, yogurt, and cheese • Sardines and salmon with edible bones • Leafy green vegetables such as kale and broccoli • Calcium-fortified plant-based drinks and cereals • Tofu prepared with calcium sulfate • Almonds and sesame seeds Vitamin D is equally important because it helps the body absorb calcium effectively. Without enough vitamin D, even a calcium-rich diet may not provide its full benefit.Can supplements replace food?Calcium supplements can be helpful for people who cannot meet their daily needs through diet or who have certain medical conditions. However, supplements are not appropriate for everyone and should not be taken routinely without medical advice. Excess calcium may increase the risk of kidney stones or interact with certain medications.A healthcare provider can recommend whether supplementation is necessary and determine the appropriate dose based on age, diet, and overall health.Strong bones are built over a lifetime, not just in older age. Eating calcium-rich foods, maintaining adequate vitamin D levels, staying physically active, and having regular medical check-ups can all help protect bone health for years to come. If you have concerns about your calcium intake, frequent fractures, or other symptoms affecting your bones, seeking medical advice early can help identify deficiencies and prevent future complications.